A review on source, impacts and mitigation measures of groundwater fluoride contamination: a major health issue
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.70035/ijarts.2022.1134-40Keywords:
Groundwater, Fluoride contamination, Weathering, Health issue, Mitigation measureAbstract
Fluoride (F¯) in groundwater is one such ion that makes the groundwater unsuitable for drinking purposes and responsible for serious human health problems such as dental, skeletal, and non-skeletal fluorosis in more than 25 countries worldwide. Recent studies estimated that cases of fluorosis are prevalent in 67 million people in 19 out of the 32 states of India due to intake of fluoride-enriched groundwater ranging from 0.01 to 37.0 mg/l affecting 8 and 18 million people among them by skeletal and dental fluorosis, respectively. The distribution of fluoride in groundwater varies due to geogenic or anthropogenic sources or combined factors. The various geological and artificial factors that govern the F¯ prevalence in aquifers have been discussed. Different types of adverse health hazards of fluoride on humans and plants have also been enlightened. Since fluoride occurrence above 1.0 mg/l (BIS) or 1.5 mg/l (WHO) in groundwater can produce endemic health issues, there is an essential requirement to monitor groundwater fluoride levels frequently. Higher concentration in water needs treatment to bring them under the guideline value. Some available fluoride removal techniques from groundwater have been deliberated in study. Groundwater fluoride contamination is generally natural and unpreventable. However, most people unintentionally consume the untreated groundwater in developing countries leading to a widespread problem worldwide. A prominent solution is to educate and aware people about this issue. Frequent monitoring and defluoridation of the contaminated groundwa ter must be needed before consumption for a healthy world. The present review work is a step toward this fluoride hazard awareness with compact information about its various sources, status, removal technologies, and their relation with the environment.
References
References
Hossain M., Patra P K., Ghosh B., Khatun A. and Nayek S. 2021 Sensitive assessment of groundwater-associated, multi-exposure health hazards in a fluoride-enriched region of West Bengal, India. Environ. Geochem. Health. 43:4515- 4532. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10653-021-00942-x.
Koga KT. and Rose-Koga EF. 2018 Fluorine in the Earth and the solar system, where does it come from and can it be found? Comptes.Rendus. Chimie. 21(8): 749–756.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crci.2018.02.002.
Li D. and Liu S. 2018 Water quality monitoring and management: basis, technology and case studies. Academic Press.
Banerjee A. 2015 Groundwater fluoride contamination: A reappraisal. Geosci. Front. 6: 277–284.
Saxena VK. and Ahmed S. 2003 Inferring the chemical parameters for the dissolution of fluoride in groundwater.
Environ. Geol. 43: 731–736. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00254-002-0672-2.
Shen Y., Oki T., Utsumi N., Kanae S. and Hanasaki N. 2008 Projection of future world water resources under SRES scenarios: Water withdrawal. Hydrol. Sci. J. 53(1): 11–33.
Kumar M., Das A., Das N., Goswami R. and Singh UK. 2016 Co-occurrence perspective of arsenic and fluoride in the groundwater of Diphu, Assam, Northeastern India. Chemosph. 150: 227–238. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.02.019.
Singh UK., Kumar M., Chauhan R., Jha PK., Ramanathan AL. and Subramanian V. 2008 Assessment of the impact of landfill on groundwater quality: A case study of the Pirana site in western India. Environ. Monit. Assess. 141: 309–321. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-007-9897-6.
Rawat M., Singh UK. and Subramanian V. 2010 Movement of toxic metals from small-scale industrial areas: A case study from Delhi, India. Int. J of Environ. and Waste Management. 5(3-4): 224–236. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJEWM.2010.032005.
Sharma S., Jha PK., Ranjan MR., Singh UK., Kumar M. and Jindal T. 2017 Nutrient Chemistry of River Yamuna, India. Asian J Wat. Environ. Poll. 14: 61–70.
Ghosh A., Mukherjee K., Ghosh SK. and Saha B. 2013 Sources and toxicity of fluoride in the environment. Research on Chem. Intermed. 39: 2881–2915. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11164-012-0841-1.
Brindha K. and Elango L. 2011 Fluoride in groundwater: causes, implications and mitigation measures. In S. D. Monroy (Ed.), Fluoride properties, applications and environmental management. 111–136. Nova Science Publishers.
Kumar R. and Chawla J. 2020 Carbon-Based Materials for De-Fluoridation of Water: Current Status and Challenges. In Carbon-Based Material for Environmental Protection and Remediation. 29. IntechOpen. DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.90879.
Pemmaraju M. and Rao SM. 2011 De-fluoridation of groundwater using magnesium oxide. The Environmental. 31(1): 39-53. DOI:10.1007/s10669-010-9299-0.
Shortt HE., McRobert GR., Barnard TW. and Mannadi Nayar AS. 1937 Endemic fluorosis in the Madras Presidency. Ind. J Med. Res. 25: 553-68.
Saxena KL. and Sewak R. 2015 Fluoride consumption in endemic villages of India and its remedial measures. Internat. J Engineer. Sci. Invent. 4:58-73.
Das S. and Nag SK. 2017 Geochemical appraisal of fluoride-laden groundwater in Suri I and II blocks, Birbhum district, West Bengal. Appl Water Sci. 7, 2559–2570. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13201-016-0452-x.
RGNDWM. 1993 Prevention and Control of Fluorosis in India: Volume II: Water Quality and DefluoridationTechniques. Rajiv Gandhi National Drinking Water Mission, Ministry of Rural Development, (New Delhi). 1-89.
Gupta S., Banerjee S., Saha R., Datta JK. and Mondal N. 2006 Fluoride geochemistry of ground water in Nalhati -1 block of the Birbhum district, West Bengal, India. Fluoride.
:318-320.
Susheela AK. 1999 Fluorosis management programme in India. Curr. Sci. 77(10): 1250-1255.
Hossain M. and Patra PK. 2020 Hydrogeochemical characterisation and health hazards of fluoride enriched groundwater in diverse aquifer types. Environ. Poll. 113646,
(2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113646.
WBPCB(West Bengal Pollution Control Board State of Environment Report), (2016).www.wbpcb.gov.in/writereaddata/files/SOE_Report_2016. pdf.
PHED 2013. A note on fluoride contamination of ground water in West Bengal. Public Health Engineering Department, Government of West Bengal. Available at http://www.wbphed.gov.in/main/index.php/component/c
ontent/article/95-water-quality/134-fluoride.
WHO1984. Fluorine and fluoride (Vol. 36). World Health Organization, Geneva: Environmental HealthCriteria.
D’Alessandro W. 2006 Human fluorosis related to volcanic activity: a review. Environ. Toxicol. Transac. Biomed. Health. DOI:10: 21-30. DOI: 10.2495/ETOX060031.
Handa BK. 1988 Fluoride occurrence in natural waters in India and its significance. Bhu-Jal News. 3(2): 31-37.
Edmunds WM. and Smedley PL. 2005 Fluoride in natural waters. In O. Selinus (Ed.), Essentials of medical geology. 311–336. Dordrecht: Springer.
Vithanage M. and Bhattacharya P. 2015 Fluoride in the environment: Sources, distribution and defluoridation. Environ. Chem. Lett. 13(2): 131–147. DOI:10.1007/s10311-015-0496-4.
Wedepohl KH. (Ed) 1969. Handbook of geochemistry. Vol. II-l. Berlin: Springer-Verlag.
Jha SK., Nayak AK. and Sharma YK. 2011 Site specific toxicological risk from fluoride exposure through ingestion of vegetables and cereal crops in Unnao district, Uttar
Pradesh, India. Ecotoxicol. Environ. 74(4): 940–946. DOI:10.1016/j.ecoenv.2011.01.002.
Fuge R. 1988 Sources of halogens in the environment, influences on human and animal health. Environ. Geochem. Health. 10(2): 51-61. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01758592.
Fuge R. and Andrews MJ. 1988 Fluorine in the UK environment. Environ. Geochem. Health. 10(3-4): 96-104. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01758677.
Omueti JAI. and Jones RL. 1977 Fluoride adsorption by Illinois soils. J Soil Sci. 28(4): 564-572. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2389.1977.tb02264.x.
Gilpin L. and Johnson AH. 1980 Fluorine in agricultural soils of southeastern Pennsylvania. Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. J. 44(2): 255-258. https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj1980.0361599500440002001 0x.
Kirk PWW. and Lester JN. 1986 Halogen compounds. In R. M. Harrison & R. Perry (Eds.), Handbook of air pollution analysis 425–462. Dordrecht: Springer. DOI:10.1007/978-94-009-4083-3_9.
Prasad B. and Mondal KK. 2006 Leaching Characteristics of Fluoride from Coal Ash. Asian J Wat. Environ. Poll. 4(2): 17-21.
WHO 2002. Fluorides. World Health Organization, Environmental Health Criteria 227. Geneva.
Gupta SK., Deshpande RD., Agarwal M. and Raval BR. 2005 Origin of high fluoride in groundwater in the North Gujarat-Cambay region, India. Hydrogeol. J. 13: 596–605. DOI 0.1007/s10040-004-0389-2.
ATSDR 2003. Report on Toxicological Profile for Fluorides, Hydrogen Fluoride and Fluorine. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, US Department of Health and Human Services. Public Health Service. https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/ToxProfiles/tp11.pdf.
Jiang P., Li G., Zhou X., Wang C., Qiao Y., Liao D. and Shi D. 2019 Chronic fluoride exposure induces neuronal apoptosis and impairs neurogenesis and synaptic plasticity:
role of GSK-3В/В-catenin pathway. Chemosph. 214: 430-435. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.09.095.
MeGhana GS., Kalyani R., Sumathi M. and Sheela SR. 2019 Significance of Copper, Zinc, Selenium and Fluoride in Squamous Cell Carcinoma of Cervix-A Pilot Study. J Clinic.
Diagnos. Res. 13(5): 17-20. DOI: 10.7860/JCDR/2019/40043.12885.
Cao J., Chen Y., Chen J., Yan H., Li M. and Wang J. 2016 Fluoride exposure changed the structure and the expressions of Y chromosome related genes in testes of
mice. Chemosph. 161: 292-299. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.06.106.
Sahu BL., Banjare GR., Ramteke S., Patel KS. and Matini L. 2017 Fluoride contamination of groundwater and toxicities in dongargaon block, Chhattisgarh, India. Expo.
Health. 9: 143–156. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12403-016-0229-3.
Sireli M. and Bulbul A. 2004 The effect of acute fluoride poisoning on nitric oxide and methemoglobin formation in the Guinea pig. Turk. J. Vet. Anim. Sci. 28(3): 591–595.
Yang Y., Lin X., Huang H., Feng D., Ba Y. and Cheng X. and Cui L. 2015 Sodium fluoride induces apoptosis through reactive oxygen species-mediated endoplasmic reticulum
stress pathway in Sertoli cells. J Environ. Sci. 30: 81-89. doi: 10.1016/j.jes.2014.11.004.
Adamek E., Pawłowska-Góral K. and Bober K. 2005 In vitro and in vivo effects of fluoride ions on enzyme activity. Ann. Acad. Med. Stetin. 51(2): 69–85.
Mellman I. and Warren G. 2000 The road taken: past and future foundations of membrane traffic. Cell. 100: 99–112.
Panda D. 2015 Fluoride toxicity stress: physiological and biochemical consequences on plants. Int. J. Bio-res. Env. Agril. Sci.1(1): 70-84.
Pelc J., Śnioszek M., Wróbel J. and Telesiński A. 2020 Effect of Fluoride on Germination, Early Growth and Antioxidant Enzymes Activity of Three Winter Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Cultivars. Appl. Sci. 6971,10(19):1-11. DOI:10.3390/app10196971.
Garrec JP. and Letourneur L. 1981 Fluoride absorption by the root and foliar tissues of the horsebean (calcicole) and lupin (calcifuge). Fluoride (USA).14(1).
Trivender K., Dhaka TS. and Arya KPS. 2013 Effect of
fluoride toxicity on biochemical parameters (chlorophyll, nitrogen, protein and phosphorus) of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Internat. J Forestr. Crop Improv. 4(2): 80-83.
Miller GW. 1993 The effect of fluoride on higher plants with special emphasis on early physiological and biochemical disorders. Fluoride. 26: 3-22.
Waghmare SS. and Arfin T. 2015 Fluoride removal from water by various techniques. Int. J Innov. Sci. Eng. Technol. 2(9): 560-571.
Meenakshi A and Maheshwari RC. 2006 Fluoride in drinking water and its removal. J Hazard. Mat. 137(1): 456-463. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2006.02.024.
John DJ. 1996 Water treatment, Handbook of Drinking Water Quality Standards and Controls. Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 407–490.
Potgeiter JH. An experimental assessment of the efficiency of different defluoridation methods. Chem. SA, 317-318. 1990.
Padmashri JP. 2001 Effectiveness of low cost domestic defluoridation. In International Workshop on Fluoridation Water Strategies, Management and Investigation; Bhopal, 27-35.
Rubel JF. 1983 The removal of excess fluoride from drinking water by the activated alumina method. Fluoride Effects on Vegetation, Animals and Humans. Paragon Press; Salt Lake city, 345-349.
Bhargava DS. and Killedar DJ. 1992 Fluoride adsorption on fishbone charcoal through a moving media adsorber.Wat. Res. 26(6): 781-788. https://doi.org/10.1016/0043-1354(92)90009-S.
Srimurali M., Pragathi A. and Karthikeyan J. 1998 A study on removal of fluorides from drinking water by adsorption onto low-cost materials. Environ. Poll. 99(2):285-289. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0269-7491(97)00129-2.
Yang M., Hashimoto T., Hoshi N. and Myoga H. 1999 Fluoride removal in a fixed bed packed with granular calcite. Wat. Res. 33(16): 3395-3402.
Mahramanlioglu M., Kizilcikli I. and Bicer IO. 2002Adsorption of fluoride from aqueous solution by acid treated spent bleaching earth. J Fluor. Chem. 115(1): 41-47.
DOI:10.1016/S0022-1139(02)00003-9.
Çengeloğlu Y., Kır E. and Ersöz M. 2002 Removal of fluoride from aqueous solution by using red mud. Separ. Purif. Technol. 28(1): 81-86. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1383-5866(02)00016-3.
Mohapatra M., Anand S., Mishra BK., Giles DE. and Singh P. 2009 Review of fluoride removal from drinking water. J environ. Manage. 91(1): 67-77. doi: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2009.08.015.
Mckee RH. 1934 Removal of flourides from drinking water. Indust. Engin. Chem. 26(8): 849-851.
Fan X., Parker DJ. and Smith MD. 2003 Adsorption kinetics of fluoride on low cost materials. Wat. Res. 37(20): 4929-4937. doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2003.08.014.
Mohan SV., Ramanaiah SV., Rajkumar B. and Sarma PN. 2007 Removal of fluoride from aqueous phase by biosorption onto algal biosorbent Spirogyra Sp.-102: sorption mechanism elucidation. J. Hazard. Mater. 141(3): 465–474. doi: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2006.07.008.
Mise SR. Kumar PV. 2008 Adsorption studies of fluoride on activated carbon derived from Royal Gulmohar fruit shell. J Insn. Public Hlth. Engrs. 2008-09(4): 5-13.
Singh K., Lataye DH., Wasewar, KL. and Yoo CK. 2013 Removal of fluoride from aqueous solution: status and techniques. Desalin. Wat. Treat. 51(16-18): 3233-3247. DOI:10.1080/19443994.2012.749036.
Ingle NA., Dubey HV., Kaur N. and Sharma I. 2014 Defluoridation techniques: Which one to choose. J Health Res. Rev. 1(1): 1-4.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Research Articles in the International Journal of Advanced Research Trends in science ' are Open Access articles published under the Creative Commons CC BY - NC- ND 4.0 legal code License with Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/. This license allows the user to only share the work but no change or use commercially.
